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Risk management activities for oil and gas producers and the impact on firm value.

This study analyses whether hedging activities of oil and gas firms have a significant effect on the performance of the companies. The performance of companies is proxied by Tobin's Q and panel regression models are built to estimate the coefficients for firm value and derivative use. The speculative use of derivatives is eliminated in models by the regulations under IFRS and GAAP. The results give critical information regarding asymmetric information and signalling effect. Since the coefficient of derivatives use is negative, it shows the critical meaning of disclosures on the financial healthiness. If companies are publishing high level of hedging activities, it might be a warning for investors to avoid investing at that company. This study also seeks for explanation behind firms' hedging decisions. To our knowledge, it is among the first studies with a wide range of region and data.

A pattern of contractor selection for oil and gas industries in a safety approach using ANP-DEMATEL in a Grey environment.

Contractor selection is one of the major concerns of industry managers such as those in the oil industry. The objective of this study was to determine a contractor selection pattern for oil and gas industries in a safety approach. Assessment of contractors based on specific criteria and ultimately selecting an eligible contractor preserves the organizational resources. Due to the safety risks involved in the oil industry, one of the major criteria of contractor selection considered by managers today is safety. The results indicated that the most important safety criterion of contractor selection was safety records and safety investments. This represented the industry's risks and the impact of safety training and investment on the performance of other sectors and the overall organization. The output of this model could be useful in the safety risk assessment process in the oil industry and other industries.

Frequency Analysis of Failure Scenarios from Shale Gas Development.

This study identified and prioritized potential failure scenarios for natural gas drilling operations through an elicitation of people who work in the industry. A list of twelve failure scenarios of concern was developed focusing on specific events that may occur during the shale gas extraction process involving an operational failure or a violation of regulations. Participants prioritized the twelve scenarios based on their potential impact on the health and welfare of the general public, potential impact on worker safety, how well safety guidelines protect against their occurrence, and how frequently they occur. Illegal dumping of flowback water, while rated as the least frequently occurring scenario, was considered the scenario least protected by safety controls and the one of most concern to the general public. In terms of worker safety, the highest concern came from improper or inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE). While safety guidelines appear to be highly protective regarding PPE usage, inadequate PPE is the most directly witnessed failure scenario. Spills of flowback water due to equipment failure are of concern both with regards to the welfare of the general public and worker safety as they occur more frequently than any other scenario examined in this study.

Revisiting the P-36 oil rig accident 15 years later: from management of incidental and accidental situations to organizational factors. / O acidente da plataforma de petróleo P-36 revisitado 15 anos depois: da gestão de situações incidentais e acidentais aos fatores organizacionais.

The accident with the P-36 oil rig in the Campos Basin in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, was one of the petroleum industry's worst international disasters. Based on this specific case, the article aims to (a) verify the role of the human dimension in the reliability of highly complex systems, with a focus on the management of incidental and accidental situations with the potential to lead to large-scale accidents. The analysis should help (b) shed light on some of the organizational factors that can increase the risk level in offshore activities, beyond the so-called immediate causes. The methodology involves mainly document research (especially the reports produced by Petrobras, ANP/DPC, and CREA-RJ) and interviews with three professionals that worked on the P-36 rig. The results indicate that the management of incidental and accidental situations in which emergency decisions are made should take advantage of contribution by the workforce, who can identify gaps in the process and discuss them with managers. This involves shared and more flexible decisions and collective analysis of risk situations. The findings also suggest that certain organizational factors contributed to the accident, corroborating domestic and international studies of major accidents and pointing to the need for a shift in the focus adopted by oil companies' management.

O acidente com a plataforma P-36 na Bacia de Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, se configura como um dos grandes desastres internacionais da indústria do petróleo. Nosso objetivo na reflexão aqui empreendida é: (a) verificar, com base em um caso específico, a questão do papel que exerce a dimensão humana na confiabilidade de sistemas de elevada complexidade - com foco na gestão de situações incidentais e acidentais -, capazes de acarretar acidentes de grande magnitude. E, ao nos debruçarmos sobre tal intento, somos remetidos à necessidade de (b) dar visibilidade à interveniência de alguns dos fatores organizacionais como elementos que podem contribuir para agravar o grau de risco da atividade em plataformas offshore, conduzindo a análise para além das chamadas causas imediatas. No que tange aos métodos de investigação, tomamos por base, principalmente, a pesquisa documental (com destaque para os relatórios da Petrobras, ANP/DPC e CREA-RJ) e as interlocuções que mantivemos com três profissionais que atuaram na P-36. Os resultados indicam que a gestão das situações incidentais e acidentais, na qual se circunscrevem as tomadas de decisão em contextos emergenciais, deve se valer da contribuição que os trabalhadores podem agregar no sentido de apontar e discutir com os gestores certas lacunas do processo, por intermédio do compartilhamento e da flexibilização de decisões e da análise coletiva das situações de risco. Indicam também que determinados fatores organizacionais contribuíram para a ocorrência do sinistro, corroborando estudos nacionais e internacionais acerca de grandes acidentes, que apontam para a necessidade de mudança no enfoque adotado pela gerência das empresas do setor petrolífero.

El accidente con la plataforma P-36 en la Cuenca de Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, se configura como uno de los grandes desastres internacionales de la industria del petróleo. Nuestro objetivo en la reflexión aquí expuesta es: (a) verificar, en base a un caso específico, la cuestión del papel que ejerce la dimensión humana en la confiabilidad de los sistemas de elevada complejidad -centrándose en la gestión de situaciones incidentales y accidentales-, capaces de acarrear accidentes de gran magnitud. Y, al abordar esta cuestión, nos remiten a la necesidad de (b) dar visibilidad a la intervención de algunos de los factores organizativos, como elementos que pueden contribuir a agravar el grado de riesgo de la actividad en plataformas offshore, conduciendo el análisis más allá de las denominadas causas inmediatas. En lo que se refiere a los métodos de investigación, tomamos como base, principalmente, la investigación documental (destacando los informes de Petrobras, ANP/DPC y CREA-RJ) y las interlocuciones que mantuvimos con tres profesionales que actuaron en la P-36. Los resultados indican que la gestión de las situaciones incidentales y accidentales, en la que se circunscriben las tomas de decisión en contextos de emergencias, debe valerse de la contribución que los trabajadores pueden añadir, en lo referente a apuntar y discutir con los gestores ciertas lagunas del proceso, mediante el reparto y la flexibilización de decisiones y el análisis colectivo de las situaciones de riesgo. Indican también que determinados factores organizativos contribuyeron a la ocurrencia del siniestro, corroborando estudios nacionales e internacionales acerca de grandes accidentes, que señalan la necesidad de cambios en el enfoque adoptado por la gerencia de las empresas del sector petrolífero.

Safety climate and mindful safety practices in the oil and gas industry.

INTRODUCTION: The existence of a positive association between safety climate and the safety behavior of sharp-end workers in high-risk organizations is supported by a considerable body of research. Previous research has primarily analyzed two components of safety behavior, namely safety compliance and safety participation. The present study extends previous research by looking into the relationship between safety climate and another component of safety behavior, namely mindful safety practices. Mindful safety practices are defined as the ability to be aware of critical factors in the environment and to act appropriately when dangers arise. METHOD: Regression analysis was used to examine whether mindful safety practices are, like compliance and participation, promoted by a positive safety climate, in a questionnaire-based study of 5712 sharp-end workers in the oil and gas industry. RESULTS: The analysis revealed that a positive safety climate promotes mindful safety practices. CONCLUSIONS: The regression model accounted for roughly 31% of the variance in mindful safety practices. The most important safety climate factor was safety leadership. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The findings clearly demonstrate that mindful safety practices are highly context-dependent, hence, manageable and susceptible to change. In order to improve safety climate in a direction which is favorable for mindful safety practices, the results demonstrate that it is important to give the fundamental features of safety climate high priority and in particular that of safety leadership.

Towards a sustainable biobased industry - Highlighting the impact of extremophiles.

The transition of the oil-based economy towards a sustainable economy completely relying on biomass as renewable feedstock requires the concerted action of academia, industry, politics and civil society. An interdisciplinary approach of various fields such as microbiology, molecular biology, chemistry, genetics, chemical engineering and agriculture in addition to cross-sectional technologies such as economy, logistics and digitalization is necessary to meet the future global challenges. The genomic era has contributed significantly to the exploitation of naturés biodiversity also from extreme habitats. By applying modern technologies it is now feasible to deliver robust enzymes (extremozymes) and robust microbial systems that are active at temperatures up to 120°C, at pH 0 and 12 and at 1000bar. In the post-genomic era, different sophisticated "omics" analyses will allow the identification of countless novel enzymes regardless of the lack of cultivability of most microorganisms. Furthermore, elaborate protein-engineering methods are clearing the way towards tailor-made robust biocatalysts. Applying environmentally friendly and efficient biological processes, terrestrial and marine biomass can be converted to high value products e.g. chemicals, building blocks, biomaterials, pharmaceuticals, food, feed and biofuels. Thus, further application of extremophiles has the potential to improve sustainability of existing biotechnological processes towards a greener biobased industry.

O acidente da plataforma de petróleo P-36 revisitado 15 anos depois: da gestão de situações incidentais e acidentais aos fatores organizacionais / El accidente de la plataforma de petróleo P-36 revisado 15 años después: de la gestión de situaciones incidentales y accidentales a los factores organizativos / Revisiting the P-36 oil rig accident 15 years later: from management of incidental and accidental situations to organizational factors

Resumo: O acidente com a plataforma P-36 na Bacia de Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, se configura como um dos grandes desastres internacionais da indústria do petróleo. Nosso objetivo na reflexão aqui empreendida é: (a) verificar, com base em um caso específico, a questão do papel que exerce a dimensão humana na confiabilidade de sistemas de elevada complexidade - com foco na gestão de situações incidentais e acidentais -, capazes de acarretar acidentes de grande magnitude. E, ao nos debruçarmos sobre tal intento, somos remetidos à necessidade de (b) dar visibilidade à interveniência de alguns dos fatores organizacionais como elementos que podem contribuir para agravar o grau de risco da atividade em plataformas offshore, conduzindo a análise para além das chamadas causas imediatas. No que tange aos métodos de investigação, tomamos por base, principalmente, a pesquisa documental (com destaque para os relatórios da Petrobras, ANP/DPC e CREA-RJ) e as interlocuções que mantivemos com três profissionais que atuaram na P-36. Os resultados indicam que a gestão das situações incidentais e acidentais, na qual se circunscrevem as tomadas de decisão em contextos emergenciais, deve se valer da contribuição que os trabalhadores podem agregar no sentido de apontar e discutir com os gestores certas lacunas do processo, por intermédio do compartilhamento e da flexibilização de decisões e da análise coletiva das situações de risco. Indicam também que determinados fatores organizacionais contribuíram para a ocorrência do sinistro, corroborando estudos nacionais e internacionais acerca de grandes acidentes, que apontam para a necessidade de mudança no enfoque adotado pela gerência das empresas do setor petrolífero.

Resumen: El accidente con la plataforma P-36 en la Cuenca de Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, se configura como uno de los grandes desastres internacionales de la industria del petróleo. Nuestro objetivo en la reflexión aquí expuesta es: (a) verificar, en base a un caso específico, la cuestión del papel que ejerce la dimensión humana en la confiabilidad de los sistemas de elevada complejidad -centrándose en la gestión de situaciones incidentales y accidentales-, capaces de acarrear accidentes de gran magnitud. Y, al abordar esta cuestión, nos remiten a la necesidad de (b) dar visibilidad a la intervención de algunos de los factores organizativos, como elementos que pueden contribuir a agravar el grado de riesgo de la actividad en plataformas offshore, conduciendo el análisis más allá de las denominadas causas inmediatas. En lo que se refiere a los métodos de investigación, tomamos como base, principalmente, la investigación documental (destacando los informes de Petrobras, ANP/DPC y CREA-RJ) y las interlocuciones que mantuvimos con tres profesionales que actuaron en la P-36. Los resultados indican que la gestión de las situaciones incidentales y accidentales, en la que se circunscriben las tomas de decisión en contextos de emergencias, debe valerse de la contribución que los trabajadores pueden añadir, en lo referente a apuntar y discutir con los gestores ciertas lagunas del proceso, mediante el reparto y la flexibilización de decisiones y el análisis colectivo de las situaciones de riesgo. Indican también que determinados factores organizativos contribuyeron a la ocurrencia del siniestro, corroborando estudios nacionales e internacionales acerca de grandes accidentes, que señalan la necesidad de cambios en el enfoque adoptado por la gerencia de las empresas del sector petrolífero.

Abstract: The accident with the P-36 oil rig in the Campos Basin in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, was one of the petroleum industry's worst international disasters. Based on this specific case, the article aims to (a) verify the role of the human dimension in the reliability of highly complex systems, with a focus on the management of incidental and accidental situations with the potential to lead to large-scale accidents. The analysis should help (b) shed light on some of the organizational factors that can increase the risk level in offshore activities, beyond the so-called immediate causes. The methodology involves mainly document research (especially the reports produced by Petrobras, ANP/DPC, and CREA-RJ) and interviews with three professionals that worked on the P-36 rig. The results indicate that the management of incidental and accidental situations in which emergency decisions are made should take advantage of contribution by the workforce, who can identify gaps in the process and discuss them with managers. This involves shared and more flexible decisions and collective analysis of risk situations. The findings also suggest that certain organizational factors contributed to the accident, corroborating domestic and international studies of major accidents and pointing to the need for a shift in the focus adopted by oil companies' management.

Textual synthesis of policies and guidance statements for remote healthcare practitioners on managing medical emergencies in the oil and gas industry: a systematic review protocol.

REVIEW QUESTION/OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to collate, synthesize and present the available evidence on the policies and guidance statements for remote healthcare practitioners on managing medical emergencies in the offshore oil and gas industry.More specifically, the review seeks to answer the following questions.

[ASSESSMENT OF EXTREME FACTORS OF SHIFT WORK IN ARCTIC CONDITIONS BY WORKERS WITH DIFFERENT REGULATORY PROCESSES].

A man working on a shift basis in the Arctic, every day is under the influence of various extreme factors which are inevitable for oil and gas indudtry. To adapt to shift work employees use various resources of the individual. The purpose of research is the determination of personal resources of shift workers to overcome the adverse factors of the environment in the Arctic. The study involved 191 builder of main gas pipelines, working in shifts in the Tyumen region (the length of the shift 52 days of arrival) at the age of 23 to 59 (mean age 34.9 ± 8.1) years. Methods: psychological testing, questioning, observation, descriptive statistics, discriminant step by step analysis. There was revealed the correlation between the subjective assessment of the majority of adverse climatic factors in the regulatory process "assessment of results"; production factors--regulatory processes such as flexibility, autonomy, simulation, and the general level of self-regulation; social factors are more associated with the severity of such regulatory processes, flexibility and evaluation of results.

The effects of perceived organizational support, perceived supervisor support and perceived co-worker support on safety and health compliance.

Although knowledge is cumulating, very little is known about the effects of various sources of support on safety and health compliance. This study goes beyond previous research by investigating the relationships among perceived support from organizations, supervisors and co-workers, and employees' safety and health compliance behaviour at chemical and petroleum process plants. The results of this study show that the support from organizations, supervisors and co-workers was significantly related to employees' safety and health compliance. Also, the findings reveal that perceived supervisor support has the strongest influence in ensuring employees' safety and health compliance behaviour.

[Trends of change in demographic indices of population in the area of oil and gas deposits of the republic of Kazakhstan].

According to assured resources of hydrocarbons the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) is among ten largest oil countries in the world, trailing only some states of the Middle East, Latin America, as well Russia and the USA. Public health state is the one of most important indices of social development, the manifestation of the economic and sanitaryhygienic welfare, as well as national defense capability and cultural potential of the state. In relation with the intensive development of oil and gas fields the problems of environmental protection and healthcare of the population in these regions occur critically. Therefore, it causes keen interest both from the side of researches and practical health care workers. Rapid development of the oil and gas industry leads to changes in a medical and demographic situation of given regions that is related both with the natural migration of the population and other migratory processes. According to data of the Ministry of Energetics and natural resources of RK, the Karachaganak oil-gas condensate deposit is considered to be the one of the largest in the world. For the next 40 years, the field is becoming the stable financial donor of the country. Currently Karachaganak field is considered to be the one of the largest investment projects in Kazakhstan. The studied oil and gas condensate field is located in the Burlin district of West Kazakhstan region, which is 140 km far from the city of Uralsk and 160 km far from the city of Orenburg. The field was discovered in 1984.

Health Impact Assessments, Regulation, and the Unconventional Gas Industry in the UK: Exploiting Resources, Ideology, and Expertise?

Health impact assessments (HIAs) across the globe may be used by governments and industries to secure approval for unconventional gas extraction developments. HIA is an umbrella term that covers an array of health review and assessment practices, ranging from the very general to quite specific and technical health studies. Our concern in this paper is principally with the specialist end of the HIA continuum and particularly its application to unconventional gas extraction in the UK. We outline the context within which HIAs in unconventional gas extraction may be conducted. We then explain what HIAs may do. HIAs are often commissioned from consultancy companies to assess unconventional gas extraction project risks and benefits and propose mitigation measures. Communities can rarely afford HIAs in the planning process and may consider them biased when commissioned by vested interests. The oil and gas industry uses these techniques for its own ends. Hiring experts, be they specialist consultants, researchers, lobbyists, ex-government officials, or regulators, to influence planning and regulation is a well-tried tactic and structural advantage exploited by industry in seeking license to operate. Equitable and ethical HIA principles are urgently needed in the UK in relation to unconventional gas to secure the integrity and probity of the emerging regulatory system and address concerns regarding unregulated practitioners.

An integrated experiment for identification of best decision styles and teamworks with respect to HSE and ergonomics program: The case of a large oil refinery.

Decision making failure is a predominant human error in emergency situations. To demonstrate the subject model, operators of an oil refinery were asked to answer a health, safety and environment HSE-decision styles (DS) questionnaire. In order to achieve this purpose, qualitative indicators in HSE and ergonomics domain have been collected. Decision styles, related to the questions, have been selected based on Driver taxonomy of human decision making approach. Teamwork efficiency has been assessed based on different decision style combinations. The efficiency has been ranked based on HSE performance. Results revealed that efficient decision styles resulted from data envelopment analysis (DEA) optimization model is consistent with the plant's dominant styles. Therefore, improvement in system performance could be achieved using the best operator for critical posts or in team arrangements. This is the first study that identifies the best decision styles with respect to HSE and ergonomics factors.

Oil and gas wells and pipelines on U.S. wildlife refuges: challenges for managers.

The increased demand for oil and gas places a burden on lands set aside for natural resource conservation. Oil and gas development alters the environment locally and on a much broader spatial scale depending on the intensity and extent of mineral resource extraction. The current increase in oil and gas exploration and production in the United States prompted an update of the number of pipelines and wells associated with oil and gas production on National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) lands. We obtained geospatial data on the location of oil and gas wells and pipelines within and close to the boundaries of NWRS lands (units) acquired as fee simple (i.e. absolute title to the surface land) by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We found that 5,002 wells are located in 107 NWRS units and 595 pipelines transect 149 of the 599 NWRS units. Almost half of the wells (2,196) were inactive, one-third (1,665) were active, and the remainder of the wells were either plugged and abandoned or the status was unknown. Pipelines crossed a total of 2,155 kilometers (1,339 miles) of NWRS fee simple lands. The high level of oil and gas activity warrants follow up assessments for wells lacking information on production type or well status with emphasis on verifying the well status and identifying abandoned and unplugged wells. NWRS fee simple lands should also be assessed for impacts from brine, oil and other hydrocarbon spills, as well as habitat alteration associated with oil and gas, including the identification of abandoned oil and gas facilities requiring equipment removal and site restoration.

Simulating the impact of changing trends in smoking and obesity on productivity of an industrial population: an observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of trends in smoking and obesity prevalence on productivity loss among petrochemical employees from 1980 to 2009. METHODS: Smoking and obesity informations were collected during company physical examinations. Productivity loss was calculated as differential workdays lost between smokers and non-smokers, and obese and normal-weight employees. RESULTS: During 1980-2009, smoking prevalence decreased from 32% to 17%, while obesity prevalence increased from 14% to 42%. In 1982, lost productivity from obesity was an estimated 43 days/100 employees, and for smoking, 65 days/100 employees, but by 1987, workdays lost due to obesity exceeded that attributable to smoking. In 2007, workdays lost from obesity were 3.7 times higher than for smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Owing to the increasing trend in obesity, the productivity impact on employers from obesity will continue to rise without effective measures supporting employee efforts to achieve healthy weight through sustainable lifestyle changes.